This report is an introduction to surface geophysical techniques that aggregate producers can use to characterize known deposits of sand and gravel. Five well-established and well-tested geophysical methods are presented: seismic refraction and reflection, resistivity, ground penetrating radar, time-domain electromagnetism, and frequency-domain electromagnetism. Depending on site conditions and the selected method(s), geophysical surveys can provide...

OF EXPLORATION METHODS COMMONLY USED: Library studies -- Surface geology -- Core drilling -- Aerial mapping -- Magnetomenter surveys -- Gravity surveys -- Seismic reflection exploration -- Seismic refraction exploration -- Wildcat drilling -- Miscellaneous methods -- SUMMARY OF SEISMIC METHODS COMMONLY USED: Seismic dip work -- Continuous profiling -- The reflection correlation method -- Reflection strike dip surveys -- Refraction surveys -- Reconnaissance...